The Dances of Podhale (Poland) Author(s): Joseph Needham Source: Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, Vol. 2 (Dec., 1937), pp.
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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact English Folk Dance + Song Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. The Dances of Podhale (Poland) BY JOSEPH NEEDHAM IN the long line of the Carpathian chain, which stretches from east to west through central Europe, the mountains of the High Tatra are the only strictly alpine region: south of them lies Czecho-Slovakia and north of them Poland.
The foothills and valleys of their northern slopes form the Podhale district of Poland, and the inhabitants, mountaineers in many ways resembling the Scottish Highlanders, are known as Go6rale. The characteristic dress of the men, tight white embroidered woollen trousers, a leather waistcoat, also embroidered and trimmed with fur, with an embroideredwhite cape on top, and a flattish black hat in which a large feather is stuck, is a usual sight in a holiday town such as Zakopane, for it is worn on working days as well as on festivals. I have recently had the opportunity of coming into close contact with a group of the mountaineers and of studying their dances. Since the information I have obtained is first-hand and since these dances are a very living art indeed, performed by the country people for their own pleasure, it is probable that an account of them may be of interest to English dancers. In the first place, it is clear that in the Podhale region there exists now no strictly ceremonialor ritual dance, performedon one special occasion only in the year. All the dances arerecreationalin character, yet nevertheless it is interesting that one important group of them is danced by men only. The groups may be classified as follows i.
For men and women together: (a) numerous individual couples: Weselny (b) jigs for one man and one woman: Krzesany Sabalowy Drobny For men alone: Zbojnicki-5, 6, or 7 men. The Weselny is essentially the Goral form of the Polka, and takes place during the wedding ceremonies, which till recent times and sometimes now, last a week.
It is associated with the Oczepiny ceremony, in which the bridal crown is replaced by II7 the married woman's bonnet, and in which the old women buy back the bride from the best man and his friends by a gift of bread and wodka. The jig dances are danced as follows: the man goes up to the musicians and sings the tune which he wishes them to play-there are words to most of them then waits a few moments, while another man (or a woman) leads out the girl partner and dances polka steps with her or pirouettes before raising his hat and handing her to her partner. The name Krzesany is derived from the verb krzesac,meaning to strike sparks as from flint and steel, and the steps involve much striking of the heels together, as well as light taps with the toes, and from time to time an emphasising of the rhythm by three heavy stamps. The Sabalowy, called after a mountaineer who formerly played well on the ancient oblong violin, is similar to the Krzesany, but less fast. The word Drobny is not so much used to describe a special dance, as to characterise some of the tunes which are suited for the performance of small sliding steps. In general, one must realise that there is no set form for these jigs.